Japan faces a multifaceted challenge stemming from its rapidly aging population. One of the most pressing issues is the adequacy of the national pension system. While the system provides a safety net for many elderly citizens, a significant portion of the population, particularly women and those who worked in non-regular employment, face the harsh reality of poverty in old age. This is exacerbated by factors such as low average salaries, limited access to social security benefits, and increasing healthcare costs. The lack of robust social support contributes directly to the growing number of elderly individuals living in poverty. This is further complicated by the widening gap between the wealthy and the less affluent, creating a significant societal disparity. Efforts to alleviate this poverty include government initiatives targeting low-income elderly people through subsidies and welfare programs, but these are often insufficient to meet the increasing demand. Closely intertwined with these financial challenges is the issue of work-life balance, particularly for those in the younger generation who will soon bear the responsibility of supporting an aging population. The traditional Japanese work culture, often characterized by long working hours and limited paid leave, makes it difficult for individuals to balance professional aspirations with family responsibilities. This can lead to increased stress, reduced productivity, and an overall decrease in well-being, further compounding the challenges faced by both individuals and society. Recent reforms have sought to address the work-life balance issue, promoting flexible working arrangements and encouraging companies to adopt family-friendly policies. However, these reforms face significant resistance from companies hesitant to change deeply ingrained work practices. The long-term efficacy of these reforms remains to be seen. The complex interplay of economic realities, societal expectations, and deeply rooted cultural norms presents considerable hurdles in achieving comprehensive solutions. Addressing the issues of pension inadequacy, elderly poverty, and poor work-life balance necessitates a multi-pronged approach encompassing government policies, corporate reforms, and societal shifts in attitudes toward work and family. A holistic approach focusing on proactive solutions rather than reactive measures is crucial for Japan's long-term stability and prosperity.
1. According to the passage, what is one of the major reasons for elderly poverty in Japan?
2. What is the main challenge concerning work-life balance in Japan, as described in the passage?
3. What is the passage's overall assessment of the effectiveness of recent reforms aimed at improving work-life balance?
4. Which of the following best describes the author's proposed solution to the problems discussed in the passage?