The remote highlands of Papua New Guinea (PNG) present a compelling case study in the interplay between environmental ethics, resource depletion, and cultural adaptation. For generations, the people of these regions have practiced subsistence agriculture, cultivating sweet potatoes, taro, and other crops using traditional methods. This system, while sustainable for a relatively small population, is now facing unprecedented pressure. The introduction of cash crops, such as coffee and cocoa, in the 20th century dramatically altered the landscape. Farmers, driven by the promise of economic gain, began clearing vast tracts of rainforest to create larger plantations. This deforestation, coupled with unsustainable agricultural practices, has led to widespread soil erosion and biodiversity loss. Rivers, once teeming with fish, are now choked with sediment, impacting food security. Furthermore, the increased demand for timber has exacerbated the problem, leading to further deforestation and habitat destruction. However, the story is not simply one of environmental degradation. PNG’s indigenous communities have demonstrated remarkable resilience and ingenuity in adapting to these changes. Some villages are actively employing agroforestry techniques, integrating trees into their farming systems to improve soil health and biodiversity. Others are exploring sustainable harvesting methods for timber, ensuring the long-term health of their forests. Community-based conservation initiatives, often supported by NGOs and international organizations, are gaining momentum, empowering local communities to manage their own resources and protect their environment. The challenge lies in balancing economic development with environmental sustainability. While cash crops offer crucial income opportunities, their unsustainable cultivation threatens the very foundation of these communities’ livelihoods. This necessitates a delicate balance—a pragmatic approach that values traditional ecological knowledge while integrating modern sustainable practices. The future of PNG’s highlands hinges on the successful negotiation of this crucial balance, demonstrating the intricate relationship between environmental ethics, resource management, and cultural preservation.
1. According to the passage, what is the primary cause of environmental degradation in the PNG highlands?
2. What is the significance of agroforestry techniques mentioned in the passage?
3. What is the central challenge faced by the PNG highlands, as described in the passage?
4. Which of the following best describes the overall tone of the passage?