Japan's journey towards cleaner air is a compelling narrative of evolving environmental policy, technological innovation, and societal awareness. The Air Pollution Control Act, enacted in 1968, marked a pivotal moment. Prior to its implementation, rapid industrialization and urbanization had led to severe air pollution incidents, most notably the infamous photochemical smog episodes in major cities. Public health concerns reached a crisis point, prompting the government to take decisive action. The Act established stringent emission standards for various pollutants, including sulfur oxides and particulate matter. It also empowered the government to regulate industrial activities and vehicle emissions. However, the initial impact was limited by the technological constraints of the time. Effective abatement technologies were expensive and not widely available. The establishment of the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) in 1980 played a crucial role in accelerating technological advancements. NEDO, a government-funded research and development agency, focused on fostering innovation in clean energy and environmental technologies. Through substantial investments in research and development, NEDO facilitated the development and deployment of advanced air pollution control technologies, such as efficient scrubbers for industrial emissions and catalytic converters for automobiles. These technological breakthroughs, combined with stricter enforcement of the Air Pollution Control Act and increasing public awareness, gradually led to significant improvements in air quality. While challenges remain, particularly in addressing fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from transboundary sources, Japan's experience offers valuable lessons for other countries grappling with similar environmental issues. The interplay between effective legislation, technological innovation driven by organizations like NEDO, and evolving public consciousness has been essential to Japan's success in mitigating air pollution.
1. According to the passage, what was the primary catalyst for the enactment of the Air Pollution Control Act in 1968?
2. What was the main role of NEDO in improving Japan's air quality?
3. Which of the following best describes the overall impact of the Air Pollution Control Act and subsequent developments?
4. What aspect of Japan's experience with air pollution control is highlighted as valuable for other countries?