The intricate relationship between urban infrastructure, global warming, and earthquake vulnerability presents a significant challenge to sustainable urban development. Rapid urbanization, fueled by population growth and economic expansion, has led to the construction of extensive infrastructure networks in many regions, often with limited consideration for long-term resilience. These networks, including transportation systems, water and energy supplies, and communication technologies, are crucial for the functioning of modern cities. However, climate change exacerbates existing risks. Rising sea levels threaten coastal cities, increasing the likelihood of flooding and erosion, impacting infrastructure located in low-lying areas. More frequent and intense extreme weather events, such as typhoons and heatwaves, put additional strain on infrastructure, leading to disruptions and damage. These impacts are particularly severe in developing countries, where resources for adaptation and mitigation are often limited. Furthermore, seismic activity poses a substantial threat to urban areas located in tectonically active zones. Earthquakes can cause widespread damage to infrastructure, disrupting essential services and leading to significant economic losses and casualties. The vulnerability of urban infrastructure to earthquakes is often compounded by factors such as inadequate building codes, substandard construction practices, and the lack of effective disaster preparedness measures. The interaction between earthquake risk and climate change is also a critical concern. For instance, intense rainfall following an earthquake can trigger landslides, further damaging infrastructure and hindering recovery efforts. Addressing these intertwined challenges necessitates a holistic approach to urban planning and development. This includes incorporating climate resilience and seismic safety into infrastructure design and construction, improving disaster preparedness and response capabilities, and promoting sustainable urban growth patterns that minimize environmental impacts. Investing in resilient infrastructure is not merely a matter of cost; it is an investment in the long-term well-being and economic prosperity of cities.
1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a factor that exacerbates the vulnerability of urban infrastructure?
2. The passage emphasizes the importance of a holistic approach to urban development. What does this approach primarily entail?
3. What is the main argument presented in the passage regarding the relationship between urban infrastructure, global warming, and earthquakes?