The IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report paints a stark picture of the accelerating impacts of climate change. Rising global temperatures are causing more frequent and intense heatwaves, droughts, floods, and wildfires, threatening ecosystems and human societies alike. This scientific consensus is supported by historical evidence. Throughout history, civilizations have risen and fallen, often influenced by environmental factors. The collapse of the Mayan civilization, for instance, is believed by some to have been partly triggered by prolonged drought. Similarly, the decline of the Akkadian Empire is attributed to environmental degradation, including salinization of agricultural lands. Experiences from recent decades further underscore the urgency of addressing climate change. Island nations are facing existential threats from rising sea levels, while communities across the globe are grappling with the consequences of extreme weather events—from displacement and food insecurity to conflict over dwindling resources. The economic costs are staggering, with billions of dollars spent annually on disaster relief and adaptation measures. These historical and contemporary experiences highlight the interconnectedness between human societies and their environment. Sustainable development, therefore, requires a long-term perspective that integrates climate change considerations into all aspects of policymaking, from energy production and consumption to land use and urban planning. International cooperation is crucial in facilitating technology transfer, financial assistance, and the development of effective climate mitigation and adaptation strategies. However, the transition to a sustainable future is not without its challenges. Economic inequalities, political resistance, and ingrained social practices present significant obstacles. Navigating these obstacles requires effective communication, public education, and a commitment to fostering inclusive and equitable solutions that benefit all members of society. The future depends on our collective action today.
1. According to the passage, what is a significant factor contributing to the collapse of some historical civilizations?
2. What is the main point the author is trying to convey about the relationship between climate change and human societies?
3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a challenge in transitioning to a sustainable future?
4. Based on the passage, what role does international cooperation play in addressing climate change?