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文化摩擦とジェンダー、そして映画批評:ハリウッドにおける女性監督の苦悩」の英語長文問題

以下の英文を読み、設問に答えなさい。

The cinematic landscape, particularly in Hollywood, has long been dominated by a male gaze. While strides have been made towards greater inclusivity, female directors still face significant challenges navigating the industry’s ingrained power structures and cultural expectations. One major obstacle is the persistent gender bias in script selection and financing. Studies consistently reveal that projects pitched by women receive less funding and are less likely to be greenlit, even when their scripts demonstrate equal or superior merit. This bias isn't always overt; it can manifest as unconscious bias in decision-making, reflecting deeply ingrained societal norms that undervalue women's perspectives. Further complicating matters is the frequent clash between creative visions and studio mandates. Female directors often find their artistic choices challenged or outright dismissed in favor of more commercially viable, often formulaic, narratives that prioritize action and spectacle over nuanced character development or social commentary. This can lead to creative compromises that dilute the director's original intent and ultimately undermine the film’s artistic integrity. The portrayal of women on screen also reflects these broader industry dynamics. While female characters have become more complex and multi-faceted in recent years, representation remains uneven, and often falls short of authentic portrayal. Traditional gender roles, including those perpetuating harmful stereotypes, continue to subtly, and sometimes overtly, influence narratives, leading to criticism regarding perpetuation of problematic images of women. Moreover, the critical reception of films directed by women frequently reveals a double standard. While male directors’ work is often praised for its technical skill and artistic vision, films directed by women are sometimes evaluated according to different criteria, focusing more heavily on their representation of gender dynamics rather than the overall cinematic merit. This creates a feedback loop, where success is measured not only on creative achievement but also on overcoming systemic bias. The ongoing struggle for representation is therefore not just a matter of numbers but reflects broader societal issues regarding gender equality and the perpetuation of patriarchal structures within the entertainment industry. Ultimately, the challenges faced by female directors in Hollywood highlight a deeper cultural friction – a conflict between established power dynamics and the pursuit of more equitable and representative storytelling. This ongoing struggle underscores the complexities of achieving true gender equality not only within the film industry, but in society at large.

1. According to the passage, what is one of the primary obstacles faced by female directors in Hollywood?

2. The passage suggests that the portrayal of women on screen is often influenced by:

3. What does the passage imply about the critical reception of films directed by women?

4. The passage concludes by suggesting that the challenges faced by female directors represent: