The increasing frequency and intensity of floods in urban areas pose a significant threat to sustainable development goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) and SDG 13 (Climate Action). Urbanization, often characterized by rapid and unplanned expansion, frequently leads to the encroachment of floodplains and wetlands, vital natural systems that act as buffers against floodwaters. The construction of impermeable surfaces, such as roads and buildings, further exacerbates the problem by reducing water infiltration and increasing surface runoff. Traditional urban infrastructure often lacks the capacity to cope with the increased volume and velocity of floodwaters generated by intensified rainfall events. Drainage systems, designed for historical rainfall patterns, are frequently overwhelmed, leading to widespread inundation and significant damage to property and infrastructure. This not only disrupts daily life and causes economic losses, but also disproportionately affects vulnerable populations who lack the resources to cope with the impacts of flooding. Moreover, the damage to critical infrastructure, such as power grids and sanitation systems, can have long-term consequences for public health and wellbeing. Addressing this complex challenge requires a multi-faceted approach. Sustainable urban planning must prioritize the integration of nature-based solutions (NbS), such as restoring wetlands and green spaces, to enhance the natural resilience of urban areas. These NbS can effectively reduce flood risk by absorbing and slowing down floodwaters. Furthermore, investments in resilient infrastructure, designed to withstand extreme weather events, are crucial. This includes upgrading drainage systems, developing early warning systems, and constructing flood defenses tailored to local conditions. Community engagement and participation in planning and implementation processes are also paramount to ensure that solutions are both effective and equitable. By integrating these strategies, cities can build resilience to flood risks and work towards achieving the SDGs, creating sustainable and livable urban environments for all.
1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to increased flood risk in urban areas?
2. What is the primary focus of SDG 11 and SDG 13, as mentioned in the passage?
3. The passage emphasizes the importance of which of the following approaches to mitigate flood risk?
4. What is the significance of nature-based solutions (NbS) in addressing urban flood risks?