The post-war economic boom in many developed nations witnessed unprecedented growth, but it also brought about severe environmental challenges. Rapid industrialization and increased automobile use led to a surge in air pollution. One prominent example is photochemical smog, a complex mixture of pollutants formed by the interaction of sunlight with nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds from vehicle exhaust and industrial emissions. This smog caused significant respiratory problems and reduced visibility in major cities. The Great Smog of London in 1952, a particularly severe episode, tragically highlighted the devastating consequences of air pollution, resulting in thousands of deaths. Governments responded with stricter emission standards and regulations, leading to improvements in air quality. However, the fight against air pollution wasn't over. Another significant environmental issue emerged: acid rain. Acid rain, primarily caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emitted from the burning of fossil fuels in power plants and factories, has far-reaching consequences. It damages forests, acidifies lakes and rivers, harming aquatic life, and corrodes buildings and monuments. The transboundary nature of acid rain, meaning pollution in one area can affect regions far away, presented unique challenges for international cooperation in addressing this global environmental issue. The economic costs associated with mitigating acid rain, such as installing scrubbers in power plants, were substantial, but the long-term benefits of protecting ecosystems and human health outweighed the short-term economic burdens. The economic cycles, characterized by periods of expansion and contraction, often influence the prioritization of environmental protection. During periods of rapid economic growth, environmental concerns might be temporarily sidelined as economic growth takes precedence. Conversely, during economic downturns, investment in environmental protection might be reduced due to budget constraints. Balancing economic progress with environmental sustainability remains a persistent challenge that requires careful policy-making and international collaboration.
1. What is the main idea of the passage?
2. What were the major causes of photochemical smog?
3. Why was the Great Smog of London in 1952 significant?
4. What is a challenge in addressing acid rain?